{"product_id":"saracen-strongholds-1100-1500-the-central-and-eastern-islamic-lands-9781846033759","title":"Saracen Strongholds 1100-1500: The Central and Eastern Islamic Lands","description":"\u003cp\u003eBy the time of the Crusades, the Islamic world had developed its own sophisticated styles of fortification. Distinctive and highly effective, the region's unique military architecture continued to evolve in response to the Crusader and Mongol threats, and also drew upon the traditions of their foes and neighbors. The resulting Islamic concepts of military architecture had an influence upon fortifications in Western Europe, including Italy and the Iberian Peninsula. Rather than providing security for feudal aristocracies, however, as was increasingly the case in Europe, Islamic fortifications continued to focus upon the defence of cities and frontiers \u003c\/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c\/p\u003eCovering fortifications as far apart as North Africa, Afghanistan and northern India, this volume focuses on the Islamic side of the conflict, highlighting the fortifications in use when the Crusaders sought to reconquer the Holy Land, as well as the eventual absorption of the territories of Byzantium into the Islamic world.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eBinding Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Paperback\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Osprey Publishing (UK)\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 09\/22\/2009\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN:\u003c\/b\u003e 9781846033759\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 64\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eWeight:\u003c\/b\u003e 0.46lbs\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eSize:\u003c\/b\u003e 9.68h x 7.22w x 0.20d","brand":"David Nicolle","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":52360424456373,"sku":"9781846033759","price":17.85,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0473\/0804\/6492\/files\/img_f59b8dec-3fa4-48ef-8a70-25a73d145fbd.jpg?v=1773720877","url":"https:\/\/pastforward.org\/products\/saracen-strongholds-1100-1500-the-central-and-eastern-islamic-lands-9781846033759","provider":"Past Forward","version":"1.0","type":"link"}