{"product_id":"every-hazard-and-fatigue-the-siege-of-pensacola-1781-9781804513422","title":"Every Hazard and Fatigue: The Siege of Pensacola, 1781","description":"In the final years of the American Revolution the military situation was changing from a dogged stalemate to a crisis which either the British or the Americans could turn to their advantage.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eFrance's entry as an active participant had highlighted the difficulties of the rebel's new alliance, not its strengths. The successful British defense of Savannah in 1779 drew British eyes southwards and in 1780 Charleston fell and Gates' southern army was crushed at Camden.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt was a perilous moment for the rebellious colonies. British dominance in the south would give them a strong strategic position from which to prosecute the war. Through this time of uncertainty, however, there were a few rays of hope. A savage partisan war between patriots and loyalists flared up in the south which put strain on British resources.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eA ray of hope came from Spain, which had entered the war as a French ally in 1779. From then until 1780, British possessions from the Mississippi and along the Gulf of Mexico suddenly came under threat from the daredevil Governor of Louisiana, Don Bernardo de Galvez. By 1781 Pensacola was the last British held post in West Florida.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe siege of Pensacola was the longest conducted in North America during the Revolution. It was in many ways a classic colonial campaign, directed with energy and skillful management of logistics by Galvez' army. With political opposition in Cuba and amongst the navy, disease, and a hostile environment, Galvez was fighting time as well as the British.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe British garrison in Pensacola was strong, and its commander, Major General John Campbell, was determined to defend his fort. If Galvez' campaign was typical of those undertaken by the likes of Amherst and Montcalm more than 15 years before, then the siege itself was also a model of eighteenth-century, grit, fieldcraft and chivalry.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eIt was grim work and both sides underwent every hardship and fatigue as the siege progressed. As Spanish reinforcements were slowly released from Havana, the British depended more and more on the assistance of loyalists and a numerous auxiliary force of Creeks and Choctaws collected by their Indian Agents, to oppose the Spaniards, whose army was made up of the 'Conditions, Nations and Colors' of Spain's American Empire.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003eThe story of the siege of Pensacola, and the Spanish and Spanish-American part in the Revolutionary War, represents a different side to the struggle, far removed from Redcoats and Patriots, it is also a story of great drama, color and sacrifice that helped shape the character of the United States.\u003cbr\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eBinding Type:\u003c\/b\u003e Paperback\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublisher:\u003c\/b\u003e Helion \u0026amp; Company\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePublished:\u003c\/b\u003e 11\/30\/2023\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003eISBN:\u003c\/b\u003e 9781804513422\u003cbr\u003e\u003cb\u003ePages:\u003c\/b\u003e 216","brand":"Joshua Provan","offers":[{"title":"Default Title","offer_id":43271966916789,"sku":"9781804513422","price":38.25,"currency_code":"USD","in_stock":false}],"thumbnail_url":"\/\/cdn.shopify.com\/s\/files\/1\/0473\/0804\/6492\/files\/img_2b894607-67ea-4baf-82a1-f1f7bd18e73c.jpg?v=1699959217","url":"https:\/\/pastforward.org\/products\/every-hazard-and-fatigue-the-siege-of-pensacola-1781-9781804513422","provider":"Past Forward","version":"1.0","type":"link"}